Fly School III

The third iteration of Fly School finished up last week after an intense two weeks in the tropics of Costa Rica. Held at the Texas A&M University Soltis Center, this version had a different vibe to it. For some of us grizzled old field types, it was not a typical trip to the tropics; the almost luxurious facility contrasted strongly with the with the rigor of the hillside location, making me feel a lot more like the elder statesman I am now. As David Grimaldi (one of the instructors) said later, “doing leg presses in an air-conditioned gym is not the same as climbing hills in 110% humidity.” Regardless, the center and it’s staff, did a marvelous job hosting our group, especially Dr. Eugenio Gonzalez, the director and Ronald Vargas, the subdirector and an old acquaintance from La Selva days. Joining Dave and I were returning lecturers Dalton Amorim, Erika McAlister, and Jim Hogue, and firstimers Jessica Gillung, Matt Bertone, and Paula Riccardi.   

                                                                                                                                                                          

As before, this Fly School was organized by Giar Ann Kung, who did a phenomenal job getting us organized, got all the necessary equipment together, and aided by Jessica Gillung, Wendy Porras, and Maricelle Mendez Soto, got the setup ready.  Funding for the project came from the Natural History Musum of Los Angeles, the Dipterists’s Society, and Steve Gaimari.

But how was the fly diversity,  you might ask? We had some fantastically amazing collections turned in for the course, including most of the tropical specialties that I hoped they would find (the specimens were donated to the Costa Rican collection at the Museo Nacional (former InBio collection). In particular, we got a pantophthalmid (giant tropical timber fly), ropalomerids, one ctenostylid, somatiids, neriids, tanypezids, and so on. Much of interesting material was found at the “magic tree”, a dying palm that was struck by lightning and had a flux of decaying goopy material at the base. There was also a “magic bush” out in the open on the lawn that seemed to have an unending supply of somatiids on it, just hanging upside down on the leaves.

A couple of other highlights were one rainy night when the wind was blowing in all kinds of weird ulidiid flies which then were attracted to the fluorescent lights in the breezeway. We found two individuals of the weirdest: male Plagoiocephalus latifrons. That was the only night we saw them, showing how idiosyncratic the evenings were there. Some evenings, the sheets were covered with moths, other nights it was beetles or some nights nearly nothing.

Matt Bertone was the photographer for the group, and many photos have already been shared on X (Twitter) and Matt’s Flickr account (thanks, Matt), but I reposted a couple here to whet the appetites of the truly fly obsessed. One most amazing to me was this fanniid with a bunch of botfly eggs on its back. Human botflies (Dermatobia hominis) don’t lay their eggs on the hosts- instead, they capture mosquitoes and other human-associated flkes and glue their eggs onto them. The eggs hatch when they are triggered by contacting a mammal host and the larvae crawl down on to the skin and dig their way into the host. This fly had many eggs, which began to hatch probably as a reaction to the ethanol killing liquid. This was something I hadn’t seen before and shows us how nearly limitless the world’s biodiversity can be.

 The next Fly School will be in 2 years; we don’t know where, yet, but we hope to see you there!

Retirement

I decided to retire from the Los Angeles County museum as of 28 June 2024. I am a little early in doing this, but I am happy to leave Los Angeles for our house halfway to San Francisco. The commuting and administrative responsibilities were getting to be too onerous, so I left the job, but not the work!

There is way too much to do in Dipterology to quit! Fly School 3 is coming up in a couple of weeks in Costa Rica, and then off to Belem for the iBOL meeting. So if you are a dipterist who wants to visit our collection, you should contact one of our Collection Managers.

Retirement for me will hopefully mean more output, as I get into doing more work on higher phylogeny of phorids based on morphology- our recent paper on molecular phylogeny was way too sparse in taxa and data (my fault in hindsight). Also, I am interested in paring down the number of genera in phorid classification, as there are currently way too many taxa described from one sex or the other.

I hope to provide more web content along the way as well, although we will see. Many claim to want to do this, but never get around to it.

I had a great run at the LACo Museum, and I have to thank all of my colleagues there, especially Weiping and Giar-Ann, who will carry on working on the collection. I will be there in frequently during the year to drop off material or pick up specimens to work on, so let me know if you want to overlap with me.

My boss, Luis Chiappe, presented me with this photo of me, with signatures of my colleagues at my “Celebration of Career” (=retirement party). It was taken in Manaus in 2020 during the Nat. Geographic shooting by Craig Cutler. Thanks, everyone!

Armchair biodiversity discovery during COVID

With the COVID-19 pandemic, many of us are working at home, instead of in the field. In spite of this, I think that I have made a taxonomic discovery that is important for phorid classification.

My friend, Lonny Coote, recently wrote to me, saying he would help me with some entomological questions if I “describe[d] a second species of Cootiphora”, a genus I described and named for him in 1993. Since then, the genus Cootiphora has languished in obscurity. I have seen only three specimens: the holotype from Tinalandia, Ecuador, a second specimen from La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, and a third specimen from Bastrop State Park, Texas (near Austin).

The genus Cootiphora is known only from these three female specimens. They are extremely distinctive because of their cockroach-like, limuloid body form, their reduced, triangular wing rudiment, and their pointed, parasitoid-type oviscape.

The female Cootiphora specimen from Bastrop, TX

The holotype was collected (as the label states) on “the clubhouse windows”. Tinalandia was (is?) a golf course with some nice forest on the property that makes it a popular place with naturalists. It was on my first trip to the tropics, accompanied by Lonny Coote, John Acorn, and Jane O’Donnell, that I visited this resort and received the kind hospitality of Tina herself. One day, army ants (Eciton burchellii) invaded the clubhouse, and the windows were rife with flies associated with the ants. I had a great time collecting numerous phorids on that day, much to the chagrin of Lonny, who saw one of the wasps that he worked on during the first day of that trip, and not a single one thereafter. Amongst those phorids was the little female fly that I later described and named for him. I always assumed that it was associated with the army ants, but of course had no evidence of this.

Coote’s demand that I “describe a second species of Cootiphora” prompted me to look at the specimens I had gathered from Bastrop, Texas, just for fun. In doing so I noticed another peculiarity about the Bastrop fauna- I had described a new species of an unusual tropical genus known only from males from this park. Finding these flies, which I named Macrocerides (Tauricornis) taurocephalus, the name referring to the bull-horn like antennae of the males of all species in this subgenus. In my Macrocerides paper, I described two new species, one tropical (M. (T.) borkenti) and one nearctic (M.(T.) taurocephalus). I had never put this association together in my mind, but it seemed provocative that I would find these two tropical flies, one known only from males, and one only from females, at this site in Texas.

There was one thing left to check: I looked through the prepared, mounted, labelled material from that day in the clubhouse at Tinalandia, and found, to my delight, a single male specimen of M.(T.) borkenti.

Of course, this is still speculation, but if true, I would consider M.(T.) borkenti to be a synonym of Cootiphora angustata (the type species of Cootiphora); at least the subgeneric name Tauricornis to be a synonym of Cootiphora; Macrocerides (Cootiphora) angustata.

But wait, there’s more! Among the material I treated in my Macrocerides review were two further species, M. abaristalis Borgmeier from Costa Rica and M. attophilus Disney from Argentina. Both of these might be further species of Cootiphora, but most interesting is the latter, which was collected in association with leaf-cutter ants. This is significant, because one of the most distinctive things about the Bastrop State Park site back in Austin, Texas, is the large number of Apocephalus wallerae specimens also in the Malaise trap samples. This species is a parasitoid of Atta texana, whose colonies are common in the area (according to Alex Wild of the University of Texas, Austin, who kindly corresponded with me about this). Thus we have another hint of where to look for further Cootiphora specimens- in association with this leaf-cutter ant.

               Finally, I have some serious reservations about the monophyly of genus Macrocerides, discussed in my review of the genus. There is little to link the type species, M. curtifrons Borgmeier, with the species of subgenus Tauricornis, other than the moderately modified antennae. If further research indicates that these species are not closely related to M. curtifrons, we will be free to use Cootiphora as a full genus name again, something that I think would please my friend. At any rate, I think I have fulfilled his request: I speculatively have “found” not one, but two more species of what would be subgenus Cootiphora!

Another insanely good photograph by Steve Marshall, showing phorid sex

A mating pair of Phalacrotophora halictorum

My long-time friend, one-time advisor (for my MSc degree program), and world’s leading Dipterist (as selected in 2018 by the North American Dipterological Society- NADS), Dr. Steve Marshall, has amazed me again with another incredible photograph, this time of a pair of mating Phalacrotophora halictorum in flight (male on the left, female on the right). The interesting thing about this photo, besides the almost impossibility of capturing these little 1-2 mm long flies in flight, is the information about mating that it provides. Look at the precise placement of the male’s front legs and middle legs on specific parts of the female abdomen. This is not a male that is just holding on for dear life as it flops along attached to the female: this male is touching her in very specific parts of her body, presumably as a type of external courtship to convince the female to use his sperm. This photo gives us:

1- Potential phylogenetic information to compare with other, related flies when we observe where they touch their females while in flight.

2- Sites to examine on the bodies for specialized sensory structures. For instance, the female abdomen must have some kind of receptors that allow it to register the touch of the male. Insects don’t have highly sensitive skin like we do, they have an exoskeleton that has specific sensory structures, usually hair-like setae, that allow them to detect touch. Likewise, the male legs probably have some kind of structures that are used to stroke or otherwise stimulate the female. I’ll be looking at specimens in the collection to see if I can find male or female structures that correlate to these points of contac

3- Behavioral details that add to our ever-so-slowly increasing body of knowledge about mating patterns in phorids and other flies (see my previous post on Fly Porn).

I hope you are as impressed with this photo, and with Steve, as I am. He has a number of books featuring his photographs, including the best book ever written on flies. You can’t go wrong buying any of them.

Phorids and other flies from the urban “wilds”

Two papers have appeared recently based on our BioSCAN (Biodiversity Science: City and Nature) project. In this project, we partner with the public by placing Malaise traps (tent-like traps with a collecting bottle on top) in backyards and gardens, obtaining the homeowner’s help and permission to sample in places that would otherwise be off limits. We call our collaborators “site hosts”.

Each of the new papers looks at fly diversity in Los Angeles in slightly different ways, and involves a team of ecologists that are helping us interpret our results.

One of the BioSCAN sites and the Sanchez family, the site hosts

The first was headed by Dr. Terry McGlynn from California State University, Dominguez Hills (the full list of authors and the full citations are given below). Terry and colleagues looked at our weather station data along with phorid diversity from the first phase of BioSCAN (the phorid diversity was described by Brown & Hartop 2015). They found a Goldilocks situation with temperature as the strongest variable: not too hot and not too cold described the optimum conditions for phorid diversity. This makes climate change a real concern, given that even phorids (tough little flies) react strongly to small changes in conditions.

The second paper, headed by former postdoc Dr. Max Adams (now at George Washington University), looked at more groups of insects (including also syrphid and tipulid flies (flower flies and crane flies) and more variables. This paper found that the amount of water that was put on the landscape was most important, and that reducing water (as in dryland gardening) increased insect diversity across habitat types as diverse as parkland and high density residential areas. This might seem counter-intuitive, since more water produces more vegetation, which should promote more insects, but it turns out that the native diversity is not impressed by this extra water. A few widespread and introduced species are the main beneficiaries of such conditions.

So, the message from these studies is that, in Los Angeles, we need to continue to work together to slow or prevent climate change, and we need to avoid having lawns and other water-extravagant landscapes. Native plantings watered by drip irrigation would be the best type of yard to promote insect diversity. Greater (native) insect diversity promotes (or is a result of) a healthier ecosystem, which favors a better standard of life for all of us living in L.A.

Publications: I am grateful to our wonderful and talented group of collaborators who have allowed us to extract meaning from the bags of insects we collect from our BioSCAN sites: Terry McGlynn, Emily Meineke (who has a new position at UC Davis- go Emily!), Christie Bahlai, Jane Li, Emily Hartop, and Max Adams. Also, I cannot thank enough our BioSCAN staff, Lisa Gonzalez and Estella Hernandez, along with the volunteers and work study students who help make the project possible. Finally, all of our 80+ site hosts who shared their properties with our traps are truly special people who care about the future of nature in our city. I hope that we can continue to bring you new insights and actionable results.

Adams, B.J., E. Li, C.A. Bahlai, E.K. Meineke, T.P. McGlynn, and  B.V. Brown. 2020. Local and landscape scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hotspot. Ecological Applications.

McGlynn, T. P., E. K. Meineke, C. A. Bahlai, E. Li, E. A. Hartop, B. J. Adams, and B. V. Brown. 2019. Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles.  Proceedings of the Royal Society, B.

New life history observation for a Megaselia species

In the field in Brazil last month, a couple of fantastic colleagues found a new type of life history for a Megaselia (phorid fly species). Dayse Marques and Steve Marshall were walking on a trail and came across a group of caterpillars of the genus Euglyphis (Lasiocampidae).

Dayse noticed a small phorid fly on the back of one caterpillar, and Steve captured the apparent oviposition beautifully. They also were able to collect the fly, which appears to be an undescribed species (no big surprise there!).

Phorids are known to attack damaged, dying caterpillars, but oviposition on an apparently healthy living host is new. I hope that the caterpillar-rearers of the world will keep their eyes open to the possibility of primary phorid parasitism, and not dismiss them immediately as secondary scavenger attack by Megaselia scalaris or some other vulture-like species.

I thank Steve and Dayse for sharing their expertise, and Dan Janzen for his caterpillar ID.

Fly School 2019

Its time for our biannual course for dipterists, Fly School! From 23 June to 6 July, we will be getting together 6 instructors, 2 special guests, and 26 students (from 16 countries). It is two weeks of non-stop dipterology, enough to make you a truly fly-obsessed expert.

This will be the second time we have held Fly School; the first time was in 2017 at Harmony Pines, near Wrightwood, California. Our students had a great experience, and many of them were participants in last year’s International Congress of Dipterology in Windhoek, Namibia.

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This year, Fly School will be by the coast, halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, in beautiful Montaña de Oro State Park. I will post any great discoveries and news from the program. I hope that aspiring dipterists will consider taking our course and joining the fun! Announcements of the next Fly School will be on the website, dipteracourse.com.

update on phorid identification

One reader of my blog ““Zombie flies” are not in Saudi Arabia (at least, not yet)” , wrote me a private message, disagreeing that an unequivocal identification of Megaselia scalaris could be made, based on the published figure “C” in that paper. Technically, this reader is correct that one could theoretically assemble a group of other Megaselia that would be indistinguishable from M. scalaris based on this photo. The context is important, however, as M. scalaris is abundant in dead insects and frequently found in dead honey bees (I have seen this association from dead honey bees many times from various parts of the world). Thus, what I should have written is that based on the incomplete photo and the situation where the flies were found, it is almost certain that they are M. scalaris.

“Zombie flies” also not recorded from Egypt

Similar to my last post, the honey bee parasitizing phorid Apocephalus borealis was erroneously recorded from Egypt. The photo of the fly involved is clearly Megaselia scalaris (except Fig. 4B, the ovipositor of the fly, which is an unacknowledged use of one of my photographs). The offending paper is:

“THE FIRST RECORDS OF THE PARASITE ZOMBIE FLY (APOCEPHALUS BOREALIS  BRUES) ON HONEYBEE,APIS MELLIFERA IN EGYPT” by METWALLY M. KHATTAB & EL-HOSSENY, E. NOWAR.2014. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR)
Vol. 4, Issue 6, Dec 2014, 37-42

Interestingly, this paper assigned itself an impact factor of 4.3594!

“Zombie flies” are not in Saudi Arabia (at least, not yet)

A recent publication in the Journal of Apicultural Research supposedly documents the presence of the bee-parasitizing phorid fly Apocephalus borealis in Saudi Arabia. This seemed pretty unlikely to me, so I looked at the evidence they presented. Unfortunately, it appears that the flies were misidentified. Their figure “A” is of a syrphid fly, Eristalinus taeniops, while their figure “C” is of Megaselia scalaris. Both are scavengers in decaying filth.

I am not sure how this paper got published with such severe issues in identification. Step it up, Taylor & Francis!

Reference: Mohammed, S.E.A.R. 2018. First report of Apis mellifera carnica Ruttner (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Saudi Arabia parasitized by a phorid parasitoid (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Apicultural Research. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00218839.2018.1466760